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Journal Introduction
Hydrometallurgy of China (bimonthly) was founded in 1982. It is a core Chinese journal, sponsored by China National Nuclear Corporation and Beijing Research Institute of Chemical Metallurgy of Nuclear Industry. Its main content covers the beneficiation and hydrometallurgical processes of non-ferrous metals, rare metals, dispersed metals, rare earth metals and precious metals. This is a comprehensive publication on hydrometallurgical technology, covering the synthesis processes of related materials (extractants, ion exchange resins, adsorbents, flocculants, etc.), automatic control systems for metallurgical processes, research and development technologies of equipment and instruments, analysis and testing methods, and processes for the treatment of three wastes and comprehensive recovery of secondary resources. It can be referred to by scientific research, design and production personnel engaged in metal ore beneficiation, hydrometallurgy, chemical engineering, comprehensive metal recovery, three-waste treatment, analysis and testing, and environmental protection, as well as teachers and students of relevant majors in colleges and universities.
The domestic unified serial number of Hydrometallurgy of China is CN11-3012/TF, the international standard serial number is ISSN 1009-2617, and the advertising license number is Jingtong Shijian Guangdengzi 20190002. It is edited and published by the editorial department of Hydrometallurgy of China, and distributed by the post office and the editorial department. The price is 15.00 yuan per issue and 90.00 yuan for the whole year. It can be subscribed to at any post office across the country. The distribution code is 80-181. The editorial department handles subscription services all year round.
Address: Editorial Board of Hydrometallurgy of China, No. 145 Jiushushu, Tongzhou District, Beijing, China
Tel: 8610-51675321 (Editor)
8610-51674124 (Subscription, Distribution)
E-mail: shifayejin@cnmstc.com
Website: https://sfyj.cbpt.cnki.net
Research Progress on Enrichment of Rare Earth from Low Concentration Rare Earth Solution
HU Xiaomi;LIU Shuzhen;LI Li;ZHANG Kuifang;Rare earth resources are easy to produce low concentration rare earth solution or very low concentration rare earth wastewater in the process of development and extraction, which causes problems such as enrichment difficulties, environmental pollution and resource waste. The sources and characteristics of common low concentration rare earth solutions are introduced, and the principles and research progress of enrichment and recovery technologies of low concentration rare earth solutions in recent years are reviewed, including precipitation, solvent extraction, membrane separation and adsorption separation. The advantages and disadvantages of various enrichment and recovery methods are analyzed, future direction for technological development are also outlined.
Mineral Characteristics of Scheelite Hydrochloric Acid Decomposition Residue
LIANG Yong;LIU Yinliang;PU Ting;CHEN Zanhong;Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Green and Low Carbon Metallurgy for Strategic Nonferrous Metals;The chemical composition, phase composition, and occurrence state of the main minerals in scheelite hydrochloric acid decomposition residue were systematically studied by a comprehensive mineral analysis system(TIMA),X-ray fluorescence spectrometer(XRF),X-ray diffraction(XRD),scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and other methods.The results indicate that the mineral particles in the hydrochloric acid decomposition residue of scheelite exhibit euhedral to subhedral to anhedral blocky structures.The primary phases identified are tungstic acid, fluorite, quartz, cassiterite, pyrite, molybdenite, arsenopyrite, and vivianite, with their respective mass fractions being 66.93%,28.22%,1.12%,1.26%,0.3%,0.07%,0.2%,and 0.04%.The grain size of tungstic acid is above 110 μm, while the grain sizes of fluorite, quartz, cassiterite, pyrite, molybdenite, and arsenopyrite are mainly concentrated between 5～20 μm.These particles are relatively fine and are either closely intergrown with tungstic acid or encapsulated by it.
Discussion on Process Mineralogical Characteristics and Cobalt Leaching of Copper-Cobalt Oxide Ores in Kambove Mining Area,Congo(DRC)
ZHAO Yaru;XIAO Faxin;LI Hui;DESSY Purbandari;SHAN Lianjun;YANG Cuixia;ZHENG Bin;XU Wei;WANG Shuo;TU Ganfeng;In response to the issue of low cobalt leaching rate from oxidized copper-cobalt ore in the Kambove mining area of Congo(DRC),the mineralogical characteristics of the ore were analyzed by Mineral Liberation Analysis(MLA),polarized light microscopy, and Scanning Electron Microscopy(SEM).Based on the findings, leaching of cobalt from the ore with sodium pyrosulfite, Fe powder and SO2 as reducing agents was studied.The influence of different reducing agents and dosage on the leaching effect was investigated.The resluts reveal that the primary copper minerals in the ore are pseudomalachite, malachite, and libethenite, while the main cobalt minerals are copper-cobalt-bearing manganese oxide and heterogenite.The gangue minerals predominantly consist of siltstone, quartz, sericite, and chlorite.The occurrence states of copper and cobalt in the ore are complex, with cobalt minerals being fine-grained and mostly occurring as inclusions.The theoretical leaching rate of cobalt is calculated to be 92.82%.Compared with the three reducing agents, the leaching effect of SO2 is better.Under the optimal conditions of liquid volume to solid mass ratio of 3∶1,sulfuric acid dosage of 26.7 g/L,SO2 amount at 1.7 times the theoretical amount, reaction temperature of 38 ℃,and reaction duration of 3 h, the cobalt leaching rate can reach 85.48%,approaching the theoretical maximum.The research results can provide both theoretical and technical support for the efficient utilization of cobalt resources in the Kambove mining area of Congo(DRC).
Leaching Mechanism of Cobalt and Lithium from Waste Lithium Cobaltate Batteries by L-Malic Acid/Ascorbic Acid
YANG Pengfei;LAN Fansheng;LAN Junfeng;YE Youming;XIE Xuezhen;CHEN Yanmeng;The recycling of lithium cobaltate from waste lithium-ion batteries is of great significance for alleviating resource shortage and reducing environmental pollution.L-malic acid/ascorbic acid system was used as leaching agent to recover cobalt and lithium from waste lithium cobaltate batteries.The effects of L-malic acid concentration, ascorbic acid concentration, liquid volume to solid mass ratio, reaction temperature and time on the leaching rates of cobalt and lithium in lithium cobaltate were investigated.The leaching mechanism was discussed through kinetic analysis and SEM characterization.The results show that the optimal leaching conditions are L-malic acid concentration of 0.2 mol/L,ascorbic acid concentration of 0.1 mol/L,liquid volume to solid mass ratio of 0.3 mL/1 mg, reaction temperature of 70 ℃,leaching time of 1 h.Under the conditions, the leaching rates of cobalt and lithium are above 98%.The kinetic analysis shows that the leaching process is mainly controlled by external diffusion.The method is efficient and environmentally friendly, and can provide an important technical reference for the green recovery of lithium cobaltate in waste lithium-ion batteries.
Extraction of Lithium from Discarded Glass-Ceramics with HF/H2SO4 Mixed Acid
CHEN Cheng;YAN Qun;TANG Xuekun;LIU Zishuai;ZHOU Hepeng;LI Enhao;To address the issues of high energy consumption, low efficiency, difficult recovery and easy secondary pollution in the pyrometallurgical recovery of lithium from solid waste, the enhanced leaching of lithium from discarded lithium aluminum silicate(Li2O-Al2O3-SiO2,LAS) glass-ceramics samples using a mixed acid of HF/H2SO4 as the leaching agent was studied.The effects of liquid volume to solid mass ratio, sulfuric acid mass concentration, leaching temperature, leaching time, stirring speed and raw material particle size on the leaching rate of lithium were investigated, as well as the effects of liquid volume to solid mass ratio and leaching temperature on the leaching rates of aluminum and silicon.The kinetics of lithium leaching was also explored.The results show that under the optimal conditions of m(sample)∶ V(HF)∶V(H2SO4)=1∶2.5∶2,particle size of-0.074 mm, sulfuric acid mass concentration of 900 g/L,leaching temperature of 60 ℃,leaching time of 120 min, and stirring speed of 200 r/min, the leaching rate of lithium can approach 99%.Compared with other influencing factors HF volume to sample mass ratio and leaching temperature have a greater impact on the leaching rate of lithium.In contrast, the HF volume to sample mass ratio and leaching temperature have a greater effect on the leaching of aluminum than that of silicon.The leaching of lithium conforms to the unreacted core shrinkage model, with an apparent activation energy Ea of 39.53 kJ/mol, and the leaching rate of lithium is controlled by the chemical reaction-internal diffusion mixed control.The research results can provide theoretical guidance for the recovery and reuse of valuable elements from discarded LAS glass-ceramics.
Isothermal Adsorption of Methyl Orange by Tea Residue Modified with Low Eutectic Solvent
LI Qian;JIANG Dexing;ZOU Xiaofang;WANG Jinrong;HONG Yuting;Three different types of deep eutectic solvents (DES) were prepared and used to modify Tieguanyin tea residue. The adsorption performance of the modified tea residue for methyl orange was investigated， and its thermodynamic adsorption behavior was explored. The results show that the adsorption effect of DES② modified tea residue composed of choline chloride/urea/malonic acid on methyl orange solution is better than that of DES① and DES③ modified tea residue composed of sulfoxic acid/urea/choline chloride. The adsorption process of methyl orange by DES② modified tea residue is more in line with the Langmuir adsorption isothermal model. The adsorption process is endothermic， spontaneous and disordered.
Effect of Initial pH and Pulp Ratio on Uranium Bioleaching of a Sandstone Type Uranium Deposit
HUANG Zixian;LI Chunguang;LIU Zhenzhong;ZHANG Yaocai;LI Yongmei;TANG Yizi;During the biological leaching process， leaching microorganisms are relatively sensitive to environmental factors such as the initial pH and pulp ratio. Taking a sandstone type uranium deposit in Inner Mongolia as the research object， by analyzing the pH， REDOX potential (Eh)， iron ion concentration and uranium leaching rate of the leaching solution， the influence of the initial pH and pulp ratio on the uranium leaching rate was discussed. The test results show that when the initial pH is 1.4 and the pulp ratio is 10%， the biological leaching effect of uranium ore is the best， and the uranium leaching rates reach 95.63% and 94.22% respectively. An appropriate initial pH can reduce the formation of iron precipitation and maintain the activity of mixed Thiobacillus ferrous oxide (At.f) and Thiobacillus sulfide oxide (T.t). The optimized pulp ratio can enhance the mass transfer efficiency and promote leaching. The research can provide an important basis for optimizing the bioleaching process of sandstone-type uranium ores， and the research results can offer theoretical support for the enhanced bioleaching of sandstone-type uranium ores in Inner Mongolia region.
Occurrence State and Beneficiation and Metallurgical Characteristics of Uranium in Hydrothermal Uranium-Beryllium Deposits in Xinjiang
MA Jia;LI Guang;YE Kaikai;LI Chunfeng;TIAN Yuhui;ZHANG Chen;ZHANG Shouxun;HOU Xianming;Xinjiang hydrothermal uranium-beryllium deposit is a critical polymetallic resource in China， yet the occurrence characteristics of uranium and its migration behavior during beneficiation and metallurgy remain unclear. the occurrence state of uranium and its migration patterns during flotation-leaching processes were systematically investigated through multi-scale mineralogical characterization techniques (polarizing microscope， SEM， AMICS， EPMA).The results indicate that uranium primarily occurs in uranophane (76%)， pitchblende (16%)， and kasolite (6%).Uranium minerals exhibit fine dissemination sizes (10- 70 μm) and low liberation degrees (<5%).The samples needs to be further finely ground to increase the dissociation degree of uranium minerals， so that they can fully contact the flotation reagents， thereyby ensuring the beneficiation effect.Among these factors， uranophane is a primary constraint on uranium leaching due to its fine-grained encapsulation and potential formation of surface silica gel coatings during leaching.While grinding the raw ore to -45 μm significantly improves mineral liberation， insufficient selectivity of flotation reagents results in non-significant distribution patterns between beryllium concentrate and tailings.Sulfuric acid roasting effectively decomposes silicate frameworks， achieving a uranium leaching rate exceeding 99%.The study can provide theoretical insights for optimizing the co-extraction of uranium and beryllium from complex polymetallic ores.
Hydrometallurgical Separation and Enrichment of Lead from Copper Smelting Slag
XIE Taili;LI Xiaolong;LUO Zhaorong;The hydrometallurgical process route of "alkaline conversion—acidic lead extraction—sulfuric acid lead separation" was studied for the separation and enrichment of lead from copper smelting slag. The principle of efficient transformation of lead in slag was mainly explored， and the effects of various factors in each process on the transformation， leaching and precipitation of lead were investigated. The optimal experimental conditions for each process were determined. The results show that by adding NaOH， the higher free alkalinity will cause PbSO4 in the slag to enter the liquid phase in the form of plumbous acid， increasing lead loss and reducing recovery rate. In the acidic extraction stage， the reaction time and free acidity have a significant impact on the leaching rate. Under the conditions of free alkalinity of 15 g/L， liquid volume to solid mass ratio of 5/1， and temperature of 30 ℃， the alkaline transformation reaction is carried out for 3 h. Then， under the conditions of free acidity of 20 g/L， liquid volume to solid mass ratio of 5/1， and a temperature of 30 ℃， the slag are leached with nitric acid for 2 h. Finally， lead is precipitated with sulfuric acid under the conditions of a sulfuric acid coefficient of 0.8 to 1.0 and temperature of 30 ℃， with the stirring speed being 300 r/min throughout. The conversion rate and leaching rate of Pb in the slag can both reach over 95%.The process can efficiently separate and enrich lead from copper smelting slag， and the effect is good.
Recycling Spent Carbon Anode of Aluminum Electrolysis Through Phase Transformation Roasting—Water Leaching Process
SHENG Shuang;MA Lutong;LIN Yan;Extracting fluorine from spent carbon anode of aluminum electrolysis via phase-transformation roasting followed by water leaching was studied. The effects of various factors during roasting and water leaching on fluoride leaching rate were investigated. The results indicate that under optimal roasting conditions of temperature of 700 ℃，roasting time of 2 h， alkali-to-material mass ratio of 1.25， insoluble cryolite is transformed into soluble sodium fluoride and sodium meta-aluminate phases. Under the optimum water leaching conditions of temperature of 65 ℃，liquid volume to solid mass ratio of 22/1， leaching time of 2 h， the fluorine leaching rate achieve 95.86%. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of the leached residue reveal that the remaining fluoride existed as calcium fluoride. Toxicity leaching tests are performed on the residue according to GB 5085.3—1996 show a soluble fluorine concentration of 48 mg/L. The study presents an innovative approach to rendering spent carbon anodes harmless while simultaneously recovering resources through a process involving roasting followed by one-step water leaching aimed at transforming the occurrence form of fluoride. The method offers advantages such as a simple process flow， rapid reaction kinetics， high treatment efficiency， and promising industrial application prospects.
Review on Proress Technolgies of Laterite-nickel Ore
LI Jian-hua~1,CHENG Wei~1,XIAO Zhi-hai~2 (1.Beijing Research Institute of Chemical Engineering and Metallurgy, CNNC, Beijing101149,China; 2.School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering,Nanhua University,Hengyang,Hu'an421001,China)Present status of laterite-nickel resources are introduced. The main technics and related studies are described.The main fractors of working on acidic leaching under pressure are analyzed. It is believed that acidic leaching under pressure process is mostly application prospective.
Investigation and Industrial Practice on Extraction of V2O5 from Stone Coal Containing Vanadium by Acid Process
LU Zhaoling(Beijing Research Institute of Chemical Engineering and Metallurgy,CNNC,Beijing101149,China)Extraction of V2O5 from stone coal containing Vanadium from Westnorth China is investigated. The results show that Vanadium of about 80% can be leached with sulfuric acid under the condations that temperature is 85℃, mass ratio of liquid and solid is 1∶1, ore size is -60 mesh. Then puritic solution containing V2O5 can be acquired after being extracted with P204 and TBP dissolved in sulfonated kerosene and stripped with sulfuric acid. Refine V2O5 (purity is 98%) can acquired by precipitating with ammonium water and pyrolysis.
New Development of Hydrometallurgy
MA Rong-jun(Changsha Research Institute of Mining and Metallurgy,Changsha,Hu'nan 410012,China)The new developments of hydrometallurgical technology are systematically summarized.The new technologies and new processes about leaching(pressurized leaching,active leaching,bacterial leaching,in-situ leaching),solvent extraction,ion exchange,electrolysis and membrane separation are expounded,respectively.The recent development status for preparating powder materials by wet method are especially introduced.The new direction for research and application of hydrometallurgy is also presented.
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Situation and Prospect on Treating of Arsenic-containing Solid Waste
LIU Shu-gen,TIAN Xue-da(Dep.of Environmental Engineering,Xiangtan University,Xiangtan,Hu'nan 411105,China)The origin of arsenical solid wastes and methods used to analyze their stability are(introduced),main methods or technique of treating these wastes are listed and analyzed in detail,then prospect on controlling arsenic pollution is showed.
Research Progress on Application and Preparation of Nano-zinc Oxide
ZHANG Lisheng;LI Hui;ZHANG Hanxin;LIANG Jinglong;The basic characteristics,application status and preparation methods of nano-zinc oxide are briefly described.The principle,research status,advantages and disadvantages and development trend of the these preparation methods,such as gas phase deposition,precipitation,sol-gel and solid phase methods,are introduced.It is pointed out that several of these methods are used in combination,the nano-zinc oxide prepared has better properties.
Research Progress and Application of Non-equilibrium Thermodynamics
ZHANG Shi-xian LI Yun-gang HE Xiao-feng (College of Metallurgy and Energy,Hebei Polytechnic University,Tangshan,Hebei 063009,China)In nature,many processes are non-equilibrium.It's not enough to find a solution to research these processes only relying to classical thermodynamics.In the paper,importent theory of non- equilibrium thermodynamics is introduced briefly.Its application in kinds of domain is summarized. Non-equilibrium thermodynamics will be used in more and more field along with it's development.
New Development of Hydrometallurgy
MA Rong-jun(Changsha Research Institute of Mining and Metallurgy,Changsha,Hu'nan 410012,China)The new developments of hydrometallurgical technology are systematically summarized.The new technologies and new processes about leaching(pressurized leaching,active leaching,bacterial leaching,in-situ leaching),solvent extraction,ion exchange,electrolysis and membrane separation are expounded,respectively.The recent development status for preparating powder materials by wet method are especially introduced.The new direction for research and application of hydrometallurgy is also presented.
[Downloads: 2,899 ] [Citations: 131 ] [Reads: 0 ] HTML PDF Cite this article
Advances in Covalent Organic Frameworks
YU Jiehao;LIU Zhirong;Covalent organic frameworks(COFs) materials are crystalline porous polymers formed by a bottom-up approach from molecular building units.The covalent bonds offer positional control over their predesigned building blocks in two-and three-dimensions.The control makes the synthesis have rigid porous structures with the ability to fine-tune the chemical and physical properties.The COFs can be applied in gas storage and separations,sensing,electrochemical energy storage,optoelectronic,catalysis and radioactive element adsorption.The paper summarizes the structure of covalent organic frameworks materials,and discusses the materials crystallinity prepared by different synthetic methods and film formation conditions.The future development of COFs materials is prospected.
Preparation and Application of Nanocrystalline Zinc Sulfide
LI Yun-feng,LAN Yao-zhong (Department of Materials Science and Engineering,Yunnan University,Kunming,Yunnan 650091,China)The preparation methods and principles of nanocrystalline zinc sulfide are introduced.Application status of nanocrystalline zinc sulfide in various fields are expounded in detail.This paper points out that the urgent solving problem in this field is to find the method or process which can produce uniform size,well shape,low-priced nanocrystalline zinc sulfide powder,and to find the doping method which can improve its electro-optic property.
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