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Introduction
Journal English Name: Hydrometallurgy of China
ISSN: 1009-2617 CN: 11-3012/TF
Publication Frequency: Bimonthly
Language: Chinese
Supervising Authority: China National Nuclear Corporation (CNNC)
Sponsor: Beijing Research Institute of Chemical Engineering and Metallurgy, CNNC
Editor-in-Chief: Niu Yuqing
Mailing Address: Editorial Office of Hydrometallurgy of China, No. 145, Jiukeshu, Tongzhou District, Beijing, P.R.China
Tel: 8610-51675321, 8610-51674124
Submission Website: https://sfyje.cbpt.cnki.net
E-mail: shifayejin@cnmstc.com
Postal Distribution Code: 81-181
Advertising Registration: Jingtong Shijian Guangdeng Zi No.20190002
Research Progress and Prospects in Desilication Technology for High-Silica,Low-Grade Bauxite
LIU Yuzhe;HE Chunlin;SUN Yuan;LEI Yu;LIU Shuai;ZHANG Hongyu;ZHOU Yizhou;Bauxite resources in China are predominantly sedimentary diasporic ores,characterized by well-developed clay minerals and the fine-grained intergrowth of aluminum-bearing minerals with siliceous gangue.These ores typically have high silica content and a low Al/Si ratio,making them unsuitable for direct processing by the Bayer method.With the depletion of high-grade resources,efficient desilication and beneficiation of low-grade bauxite have become essential for ensuring the security of the alumina industry.This paper systematically reviews desilication technologies for lowgrade bauxite.It analyzes the distribution of bauxite resources and the characteristics of the ores,and further clarifies the constraints imposed by mineralogical features and mineral intergrowth on beneficiation performance.The review focuses on physical beneficiation methods,including gravity separation and flotation,as well as chemical methods,microwave activation,and the calcificationcarbonation process.Their desilication efficiency,economic cost,and environmental impact are comparatively evaluated.Flotation remains the dominant technology,but its selectivity is significantly reduced by fine-grained mineral intergrowth.Chemical methods and energy-assisted techniques can help overcome the limitations of mineral liberation,but they are often associated with high energy consumption and complex process flows.The calcification-carbonation process integrates desilication with red mud valorization,representing apromising pathway for green metallurgy.Finally,desilication technologies should be tailored to differences in mineralogical characteristics.Process selection should move beyond a single-indicator criterion toward a comprehensive evaluation of energy efficiency,silica transformation pathways,and solid-waste properties.This approach will promote the efficient,green,and high-value utilization of high-silica bauxite.
Research Progress and Prospect on Vanadium Extraction Process from Typical Vanadium-containing Raw Materials
ZHOU Zhihui;GAO Likun;RAO Bing;QIAO Shanxiang;TU Sheng;In view of the complex state of vanadium occurrence in vanadium resources,the high difficulty in extraction and separation,and the increasingly strict environmental protection requirements,this paper systematically summarizes the research progress of vanadium extraction processes at home and abroad,and focuses on discussing the technical characteristics and existing problems of representative vanadium extraction processes such as roasting-leaching,hydrometallurgical separation,and others.According to the properties of different raw materials such as vanadiumtitanium magnetite and vanadium-cotaining shale,the suitable routes of the listed vanadium extraction processes are compared and analyzed.Proposing that future vanadium extraction processes should develop towards the direction of low pollution,high recovery rate,intelligence,short process,and efficient comprehensive utilization of resources,is an important way to promote the improvement and innovation of vanadium metallurgy technology.
Research Progress and Prospects in Enrichment and Extraction Technologies of Titanium Resources from Coal Gangue
QIAN Suwan;KONG Deshun;GAO Yuan;JI Nannan;Recovery of titanium from coal gangue is significant for both high-value utilization of solid waste and resource security.This review systematically examines the occurrence of titanium in coal gangue and its influence on enrichment and extraction processes.It focuses on the applicable conditions and technical bottlenecks of mainstream hydrometallurgical techniques,such as acid leaching,alkalifusion,and roasting-leaching.Comparisons are made with physical sorting and emerging green technologies,including bioleaching and ionic liquid extraction.Future research directions are also discussed,aiming to provide a reference for the economical,environmentally friendly,and efficient recovery of titanium resources from coal gangue.
Intensified Leaching Process for Refractory Molybdenum Ore
KANG Shaohui;NIU Yuqing;KANG Xiuming;ZHANG Jiayu;YUAN Yuan;LI Dabing;WANG Hao;YE Kaikai;LIU Kang;REN Yan;Aiming at the problems of low molybdenum grade,complex ore properties and poor enrichment effect by conventional mineral processing methods for a certain molybdenum deposit,on the basis of ore property research,acid leaching,alkaline leaching and enhanced leaching tests were carried out respectively.The high-acid enhanced leaching process was optimally selected.The effects of sulfuric acid dosage,ore particle size,leaching temperature,oxidant dosage,liquid volume to solid mass ratio and leaching time on molybdenum leaching efficiency were investigated,and the optimal leaching process parameters were determined.The results show that under the optimal conditions of ore particle size of-100 mesh,sulfuric acid dosage of 20%,pyrolusite dosage of 3%,leaching temperature of80℃,liquid volume to solid mass ratio of 1.5∶1 and leaching time of 3h,the molybdenum leaching rate calculated by leaching residue reaches 71.18% via the high-acid enhanced leaching process.To solve the problem of excessive residual acid in high-acid enhanced leaching solution,a two-stage countercurrent leaching process is adopted.The average molybdenum leaching rate calculated by leaching residue increases to 72.16%,which is about 1 percentage point higher than that of singlestage leaching.Meanwhile,the mass concentration of residual acid decreases by more than 40%,and the total consumption of sulfuric acid reduces by 25%.The ton-scale pilot test results of the two-stage countercurrent leaching process indicate that under suitable conditions,the total sulfuric acid dosage is15%,the residual acid mass concentration of leaching solution is 48.7g/L,and the molybdenum leaching rate calculated by leaching residue remains above 71%.This process proves stable and reliable with good reproducibility of leaching indexes,which serves as the technical basis for the industrial design of this molybdenum deposit.
Synergistic Acid Heap Leaching of Low-Grade Uranium-Molybdenum Ore via Mixing Acid Curing and Low-Temperature Roasting
MA Junnan;XIA Qingyin;JIA Xiumin;SHI Liuyin;GUO Erhua;WANG Jinhui;WU Wenjun;Aiming at the problems of poor heap leaching permeability,low molybdenum leaching rate and difficult solid-liquid separation in stirring leaching of low-grade uranium-molybdenum ore in Guyuan,aprocess path of " mixing acid curing-low temperature roasting" synergistic enhanced acid heap leaching was proposed,and the key parameters such as acid concentration,curing temperature and time,roasting temperature and time,and spray intensity were optimized under column leaching conditions.Considering the energy consumption and process effect,the recommended conditions are as follows:ore particle size is-1 mm,acid mixing mass fraction is 12%,curing at 90℃for 3h,roasting at 300℃for 30 min,acidizing water mass concentration is 10g/L,spray intensity is 76L/(m2·h).Under these conditions,the leaching rate of molybdenum slag can reach 82.89%,the molybdenum grade of tailings is reduced to 0.038%,and the uranium grade is reduced to 100.33×10-6.The results of multi-batch ore verification test show that the process flow has adaptability to uraniummolybdenum ore with fluctuating grade and property.The molybdenum leaching rate of different lowgrade uranium-molybdenum ore is stable at 72.51%–77.37%,which can achieve the process goal.The research results can provide technical support for the efficient extraction of low-grade complex uranium-molybdenum ore resources.
Influence Mechanism of Silicon on Copper Electrowinning Process and Production Optimization
HE Jian;HUANG Rongwei;CHAI Xin;FU Chenxiao;YAO Xianzhao;PEI Qinghu;ZHENG Chaozhen;In view of the problems of rough cathode copper surface and excessive sulfur content caused by the high silicon content and large compositional fluctuations in the electrolyte of a hydrometallurgical copper plant in the Democratic Republic of the Congo， electrowinning experiments were carried out under the on-site electrowinning conditions of a current density of 250 A/m2 and a solution temperature of 40 ℃. Combined with industrial data analysis， Raman spectroscopy， Zeta potential， XRD， and TOF-SIMS testing， the polymerization morphology and migration behavior of silicon in strong acid system and its interference mechanism on copper deposition process were explored. The experimental results show that silicon in the electrolyte mainly exists in the forms of dimeric， trimeric， and hexameric silicic acid polymers. The convective circulation of the electrolyte causes silica gel complexes to adhere to the cathode surface， hindering the normal reduction of copper ions and thereby causing plate surface defects and sulfur enrichment. The industrial field application results show that the use of a multi-media filtration process to purify the electrolyte can effectively remove silica gel， fine suspended solids， and organic impurities， reducing the silicon content of the electrolyte by 50%， and increasing the Grade A product rate of cathode copper from 97.5% to 98.08%. This purification process is simple to operate and adapts to the impurity control requirements of high-silicon electrolytes， providing a practical engineering reference for quality optimization of similar copper electrowinning systems.
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Adsorption Performance of Magnetic Carbon Nanotubes Loaded with Titanium Phosphate for Uranium
ZHANG Wenjun;ZHOU Liang;FU Yuqin;WANG Youqun;To efficiently extract uranium from radioactive wastewater， using magnetic carbon nanotubes (MCNT) and titanium phosphate (TiP) as precursors， a precipitation method was used to prepare magnetic carbon nanotubes (MCNT)-titanium phosphate (TiP) composite (MCTP) for uranium adsorption. The physicochemical properties of MCNT and MCTP were characterized and analyzed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM)， Raman spectroscopy (Raman)， X-ray diffraction (XRD)， Zeta potential， and other methods. The effects of solution pH， adsorption time， initial mass concentration of U(Ⅵ)， and temperature on the adsorption of U(Ⅵ)by MCNT and MCTP were investigated. The results show that the optimal pH for MCTP adsorption of U(Ⅵ) is 6.0， which conforms to the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir adsorption isotherm model. Adsorption equilibrium can be reached within 180 minutes， and the saturated adsorption capacity of U(Ⅵ)reached 264.76 mg/g; When Cd(Ⅱ)， Cu(Ⅱ)， As(Ⅴ)， and Sr(Ⅱ) coexist with U(Ⅵ)， the adsorption relative selectivity coefficient of MCTP for U(Ⅵ) are all higher than 2.0.The FT-IR and XPS analysis results indicate that P=O and P—O—H are the core functional groups that coordinate to U(Ⅵ).At pH 5.0 and 6.0，the removal rate of U(Ⅵ) by MCTP are both better than 99.3%for the real wastewater， in which concentrations of anionic Cl-and SO42- are 744.0 and 251 mg/L， respectively. MCTP combines high adsorption capacity， selectivity， and magnetic separation properties， demonstrating promising application prospects in the treatment of radioactive uranium-containing wastewater.
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Lithium Extraction Industrial Practice and Comprehensive Utilization Prospects of Lepidolite
CAO Junwei;LYU Jiamei;ZHANG Xiufeng;TAN Xiumin;ZHANG Lizhen;SHI Lijie;Lithium is the core raw material for the manufacture of lithium batteries and a key strategic resource in the field of power batteries and energy storage. The extraction of lithium from lepidolite plays an important role in the supply of the lithium salts market. Based on patent data， this paper analyzes the patent application trend， regional distribution and technical advantages and disadvantages of lithium extraction from lepidolite， and compares the characteristics and industrial implementation feasibility of various lithium extraction processes in combination with industrial practice. From the perspective of industrial practice， the limestone sintering method， sulfuric acid leaching method， composite sulfate roasting method and sulfuric acid curing method were systematically sorted out， and the existing problems in the industry were analyzed. It is suggested that the existing process technology should be iteratively upgraded from the source， the multi-component comprehensive utilization technology of lepidolite with low temperature and less salt should be developed， the collaborative recovery technology system of lithium， rubidium and cesium should be constructed， the large-scale resource utilization of lithium tailings and the high-quality utilization of feldspar powder in lepidolite tailings should be carried out， so as to promote the economical， intensive and efficient utilization of lepidolite resources.
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Two-Stage Cobalt Precipitation Process for Iron and Manganese Removal Raffinate from Copper-Cobalt Ore Hydrometallurgy Enhanced by Ultrasound
HUANG Yuwei;WANG Kun;ZHANG Da;LIU Junchang;LIANG Feng;Aiming at the challenges of difficult cobalt recovery and low-grade cobalt hydroxide products from cobalt-bearing raffinate in the hydrometallurgical processing of sulfur-oxygen mixed copper-cobalt ores in the Democratic Republic of the Congo， a two-stage cobalt precipitation process consisting of "ultrasound-enhanced MgO precipitation in the first stage and lime deep precipitation in the second stage" was proposed to recover and prepare crude cobalt hydroxide. The effects of key process parameters， including reaction time， final pH， MgO slurry concentration， and reaction temperature， on cobalt precipitation efficiency and cobalt residue grade were investigated. The optimized process conditions were determined， and the cobalt residue was characterized by XRD， laser particle size analysis， and SEM. The results showed that， compared with the conventional system， the ultrasound system significantly enhanced the cobalt precipitation process. Under the optimized conditions， the cobalt precipitation efficiency in the first stage reached 93.78%， and the cobalt residue grade exceeded 30%. After lime deep precipitation in the second stage， the total cobalt recovery increased to 99.96%. The main phase of the cobalt residue was Co(OH)₂， and the impurity content was effectively controlled. This process achieves efficient cobalt recovery and selective separation of impurities， providing technical support for the industrial recovery of cobalt resources from similar ore hydrometallurgical systems.
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Element Migration and Occurrence Behaviors in the Whole Process of Germanium Extraction From Germanium-Bearing Zinc Concentrate by Oxygen Pressure Leaching
MO Jiyu;JIANG Xuexian;HE Guixiang;QIN Jufang;CHEN Qinghong;ZHANG Weiguang;HUANG Zhenhai;WU Jun;WEI Guowang;To reveal the migration behavior and occurrence evolution of valuable and impurity elements in the entire process of oxygen pressure leaching for germanium extraction from zinc concentrate containing germanium，this study took an industrial production line as the object.Based on material balance and microscopic analysis (XRD，SEM-EDS)，the behavior and occurrence states of elements such as zinc，germanium，iron，lead，in processes such as oxygen pressure leaching，sulfur recovery，neutralization precipitation，iron removal，and purification. The results show that zinc predominantly exists as sphalerite in the raw material， with 96.05% entering the solution after oxygen pressure leaching and remaining stably in the liquid phase throughout the entire process， ultimately being recovered by electrowinning. Germanium occurs in the raw material as GeO₂ and in isomorphous substitution within the sphalerite lattice. The leaching rate of germanium， calculated based on the raw material， is 96.12%. During the neutralization–cementation stage， germanium is selectively cemented into the residue under the action of zinc powder; based on the germanium content in the feed to this stage， 99.08% is selectively cemented into the residue. The cemented residue contains 0.578% Ge， representing an 8.5-fold enrichment relative to the raw material， and after acid washing， a germanium concentrate is obtained. The overall recovery of germanium throughout the whole process is 95.59%. Iron is efficiently removed via oxidative hydrolysis in the form of hematite， with an iron removal rate of 98.55%. Lead is enriched in the leaching residue as lead sulfate. The elucidation of the distribution patterns of each element and the phase transformation characteristics provides a theoretical basis for process optimization and impurity control.
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Review on Proress Technolgies of Laterite-nickel Ore
LI Jian-hua~1,CHENG Wei~1,XIAO Zhi-hai~2 (1.Beijing Research Institute of Chemical Engineering and Metallurgy, CNNC, Beijing101149,China; 2.School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering,Nanhua University,Hengyang,Hu'an421001,China)Present status of laterite-nickel resources are introduced. The main technics and related studies are described.The main fractors of working on acidic leaching under pressure are analyzed. It is believed that acidic leaching under pressure process is mostly application prospective.
Investigation and Industrial Practice on Extraction of V_2O5 from Stone Coal Containing Vanadium by Acid Process
LU Zhaoling(Beijing Research Institute of Chemical Engineering and Metallurgy,CNNC,Beijing101149,China)Extraction of V2O5 from stone coal containing Vanadium from Westnorth China is investigated. The results show that Vanadium of about 80% can be leached with sulfuric acid under the condations that temperature is 85℃, mass ratio of liquid and solid is 1∶1, ore size is -60 mesh. Then puritic solution containing V2O5 can be acquired after being extracted with P204 and TBP dissolved in sulfonated kerosene and stripped with sulfuric acid. Refine V2O5 (purity is 98%) can acquired by precipitating with ammonium water and pyrolysis.
New Development of Hydrometallurgy
MA Rong-jun(Changsha Research Institute of Mining and Metallurgy,Changsha,Hu'nan 410012,China)The new developments of hydrometallurgical technology are systematically summarized.The new technologies and new processes about leaching(pressurized leaching,active leaching,bacterial leaching,in-situ leaching),solvent extraction,ion exchange,electrolysis and membrane separation are expounded,respectively.The recent development status for preparating powder materials by wet method are especially introduced.The new direction for research and application of hydrometallurgy is also presented.
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Regional Distribution of Vanadium Ore Resources and Extraction Processes of Vanadium From Stone Coal in China
JIANG Kai-qi,GUO Zhao-hui,XIAO Xi-yuan(Institute of Environmental Engineering,School of Metallurgical Science and Engineering,Central South University,Changsha,Hu'nan 410083)The reserves of vanadium resources,especially stone coal resources are abundant in China.Based on the statistical data,the available reserves of vanadium pentoxide resources are about 34 million tons,while accumulative total reserves are about 36 million tons,which are mainly distributed in provinces of Sichuan,Shanxi,Hu'nan,Anhui and Hubei.The available reserves and accumulative total proven reserves in above provinces account for 90.1% and 88.9% of the whole reserves in China,respectively.The stone coal is a special vanadium ore in China which reserves of V2O5 are about 11 million tons and account for 37.0% of the whole stone coal vanadium reserves,which are mainly distributed in provinces of Hu'nan,Hubei,Zhejiang and Guizhou.The available vanadium reserves in stone coal account for 62.6% which have industrial prospect and the content of V2O5 in these stone coal is more than 0.8%.Finally,main vanadium extraction processes by pydro-hydrometallurgy and hydrometallurgy are reviewed and some problems are also discussed.A novel technology,bioleaching,used in leaching of vanadium and other valuable metals from stone coal is prospected.
Research Progress on Application and Preparation of Nano-zinc Oxide
ZHANG Lisheng;LI Hui;ZHANG Hanxin;LIANG Jinglong;The basic characteristics,application status and preparation methods of nano-zinc oxide are briefly described.The principle,research status,advantages and disadvantages and development trend of the these preparation methods,such as gas phase deposition,precipitation,sol-gel and solid phase methods,are introduced.It is pointed out that several of these methods are used in combination,the nano-zinc oxide prepared has better properties.
Research Progress and Application of Non-equilibrium Thermodynamics
ZHANG Shi-xian LI Yun-gang HE Xiao-feng (College of Metallurgy and Energy,Hebei Polytechnic University,Tangshan,Hebei 063009,China)In nature,many processes are non-equilibrium.It's not enough to find a solution to research these processes only relying to classical thermodynamics.In the paper,importent theory of non- equilibrium thermodynamics is introduced briefly.Its application in kinds of domain is summarized. Non-equilibrium thermodynamics will be used in more and more field along with it's development.
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New Development of Hydrometallurgy
MA Rong-jun(Changsha Research Institute of Mining and Metallurgy,Changsha,Hu'nan 410012,China)The new developments of hydrometallurgical technology are systematically summarized.The new technologies and new processes about leaching(pressurized leaching,active leaching,bacterial leaching,in-situ leaching),solvent extraction,ion exchange,electrolysis and membrane separation are expounded,respectively.The recent development status for preparating powder materials by wet method are especially introduced.The new direction for research and application of hydrometallurgy is also presented.
[Downloads: 2,965 ] [Citations: 133 ] [Reads: 114 ] HTML PDF Cite this article
Advances in Covalent Organic Frameworks
YU Jiehao;LIU Zhirong;Covalent organic frameworks(COFs) materials are crystalline porous polymers formed by a bottom-up approach from molecular building units.The covalent bonds offer positional control over their predesigned building blocks in two-and three-dimensions.The control makes the synthesis have rigid porous structures with the ability to fine-tune the chemical and physical properties.The COFs can be applied in gas storage and separations,sensing,electrochemical energy storage,optoelectronic,catalysis and radioactive element adsorption.The paper summarizes the structure of covalent organic frameworks materials,and discusses the materials crystallinity prepared by different synthetic methods and film formation conditions.The future development of COFs materials is prospected.
Preparation and Application of Nanocrystalline Zinc Sulfide
LI Yun-feng,LAN Yao-zhong (Department of Materials Science and Engineering,Yunnan University,Kunming,Yunnan 650091,China)The preparation methods and principles of nanocrystalline zinc sulfide are introduced.Application status of nanocrystalline zinc sulfide in various fields are expounded in detail.This paper points out that the urgent solving problem in this field is to find the method or process which can produce uniform size,well shape,low-priced nanocrystalline zinc sulfide powder,and to find the doping method which can improve its electro-optic property.
[Downloads: 2,188 ] [Citations: 22 ] [Reads: 144 ] HTML PDF Cite this article
Developments
Strict Statement from Hydrometallurgy of China Regarding Counterfeit and Fraudulent Information
Call for Papers: Special Issue on "Lithium Resource Extraction and Recovery" in Hydrometallurgy
Notice of Inclusion in the 2023 Edition of the "Core Journals of Chinese Journals"
A Solemn Statement from the Editorial Department of "Hydrometallurgy of China" on Counterfeit and False Information
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