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Introduction
Hydrometallurgy of China (Bimonthly) was founded in 1982. It is a core Chinese journal, sponsored by China National Nuclear Corporation and Beijing Research Institute of Chemical Engineering and Metallurgy,CNNC. Its main content covers the beneficiation and hydrometallurgical processes of non-ferrous metals, rare metals, dispersed metals, rare earth metals and precious metals. This is a comprehensive publication on hydrometallurgical technology, covering the synthesis processes of related materials (extractants, ion exchange resins, adsorbents, flocculants, etc.), automatic control systems for metallurgical processes, research and development technologies of equipment and instruments, analysis and testing methods, and processes for the treatment of three wastes and comprehensive recovery of secondary resources. It can be referred to by scientific research, design and production personnel engaged in metal ore beneficiation, hydrometallurgy, chemical engineering, comprehensive metal recovery, three-waste treatment, analysis and testing, and environmental protection, as well as teachers and students of relevant majors in colleges and universities.
The domestic unified serial number of Hydrometallurgy of China is CN11-3012/TF, the international standard serial number is ISSN 1009-2617, and the advertising license number is Jingtong Shijian Guangdengzi 20190002. It is edited and published by the editorial department of Hydrometallurgy of China, and distributed by the post office and the editorial department. The price is 15.00 yuan per issue and 90.00 yuan for the whole year. It can be subscribed to at any post office across the country. The distribution code is 80-181. The editorial department handles subscription services all year round.
Address: Editorial Board of Hydrometallurgy of China, No. 145 Jiushushu, Tongzhou District, Beijing, China
Tel: 8610-51675321 (Editor)
8610-51674124 (Subscription, Distribution)
E-mail: shifayejin@cnmstc.com
Website: https://sfyj.cbpt.cnki.net
Flotation of a Beryllianite-type Uranium-Beryllium Co-associated Ore in Xinjiang
TIAN Yuhui;LI Guang;LI Zhuo;MA Jia;LI Chunfeng;ZHANG Chen;ZHANG Shouxun;HOU Xianming;Address to the issue of high fluorine content in the flotation concentrate of a super-large Beryllianite-type uranium-beryllium co-associated ore in Xinjiang, the mineral and elemental composition, as well as the mineral dissemination characteristics were studied.Flotation process of "floating fluorite first and then beryllium" was adopted for flotation.Grinding fineness and flotation reagent system were optimized through systematic flotation condition tests. The results show that for the raw ore with a beryllium grade of 0.435% and a grinding finness of-325 mesh accounting for 93%,under the conditions of 1.5 kg/t for sodium silicate in roughing, 2 kg/t for NaOH,700 g/t for oxidized paraffin soap in roughing, and 500 g/t for swept oxidized paraffin soap in scavenging, The technical indicators of flotation with beryllium grade of 3.36% and recovery rate of 81.99% are obtained. The process can achieve effective enrichment of beryllium minerals.
Ionic Structure of AlCl_3-FeCl_3-FeCl_2-HCl-H_2O System in Acid Leaching Solution of Fly Ash
ZHANG Hanyang;HU Xianwei;KANG Hongguang;GUO Ruidong;MUHAMMAD Murtadho;YAN Fengyun;YANG Youjian;WANG Yaowu;WANG Zhaowen;Preparation of alumina from fly ash by hydrochloric acid method is one of the processes with significant industrial application potential.Therefore, studying the ionic structure in acid leaching solution of fly ash is of great significance for iron removal process in the method.The ionic structure of the AlCl_3-FeCl_3-FeCl_2-HCl-H_2O system in hydrochloric acid leaching solution of fly ash at pH values of 1.0,1.5,and 2.0 was investigated by combining thermodynamic calculation, quantum chemical calculation, and Raman spectroscopy. The results show that at pH = 1.0,the main forms of Fe and Al complex ions in the system are [FeCl]+,[FeCl2]+ and [AlCl]2+;when the pH rises to 1.5 and 2.0,[FeCl]+,[FeCl2]+ and [AlCl]2+ transform into hydrolysis products such as [FeOH]+,[FeOH]2+ and [AlOH]2+ with hydroxyl ligands.The wave function analysis results indicate that at low pH,due to the high concentration of chloride ions, the chloride complexes are more stable.As the pH increases, the concentration of hydroxide ions increases, and the formation of high-coordination hydroxyl complexes becomes easier due to their higher metal-oxygen bond order and lower Gibbs free energy.
Recovering of Cobalt from Waste Lithium-ion Batteries by Ammonia Leaching—Ion Exchange Resin Adsorption Method
LI Jinrong;LIU Xiang;HU Qingxi;LI Zepeng;CHEN Wei;CHEN Yongjin;In view of the problem of secondary environmental pollution caused by acid leaching system for recycling waste lithium cathode materials, a green leaching system for obtaining cobalt carbonate with high efficiency was studied.The cobalt from waste lithium batteries was recovered by ammonia leaching—ion exchange resin method.The results show that under the conditions of ammonia concentration of 5 mol/L,NH_4Cl concentration of 0.7 mol/L,(NH4)_2SO3 concentration of 0.5 mol/L,temperature of 140 ℃,liquid volume to solid mass ratio of 20 g/1 L and reaction time of 50 min, the leaching rates of Co, Li and Ni are 88.0%,90.0% and 92.5%,respectively.Under the condition of temperature of 20 ℃ and flow rate of 1 mL/min, 150 mL of ammonia leaching solution is selectively adsorbed by 40 g CH-90 resin, and the adsorption capacity of Co is 9.06 mg/g.FT-IR,SEM and XPS characterization results show that cobalt is exchanged with Na+ in the functional group of the resin and adsorbed on the resin in the form of [Co(NH3)i]2+.CoCO3 products with purity exceeding 97.5% are obtained by using sodium carbonate precipitation to recover cobalt carbonate, after elution, precipitation and impurity removal.
Carbon-Thermal Reduction—Acid Leaching Recovery Process of Retired Lithium Manganate Oxide Batteries
YANG Zhi;LI Jingwei;LIN Yinhe;CHEN Chen;WANG Dalong;LU Yingwei;TANG Wenming;The recovery of valuable components manganese and lithium from retired lithium manganese oxide batteries by carbon-thermal reduction—acid leaching combined recovery process was studied.The mixed powder of lithium manganese oxide and graphite was roasted by carbon thermal reduction, and the roasted products were characterized by XRD,XRF,SEM,TG-DTA and other technologies.The results show that the best effect is achieved by roasting at 650 ℃ for 180 min, and the lithium manganese oxide in the roasted product is completely converted into manganese monoxide and lithium carbonate.The lithium carbonate in the sample powder can be extracted by water leaching, and the leaching rate of lithium carbonate is 86.15%.Manganese ions are extracted by acid leaching of sulfuric acid.Under the acid leaching conditions of acid leaching concentration of 3.5 mol/L,acid leaching temperature of 60 ℃,acid leaching time of 3 h, and liquid volume to solid mass ratio of 8/1,the highest leaching rate of manganese ions is 88%.The method can achieve the purpose of synchronous and efficient recovery of manganese and lithium from cathode materials, and has certain application value.
Separation of Valuable Elements from Positive Leaching Solution of Spent LIBs byβ-diketone/Phosphate Extraction System
HU Kang;ZHANG Licheng;MA Chunmei;LI Lijuan;Extraction and separation of valuable elements from the positive leaching solution of spent lithium-ion batteries by β-diketone/phosphate extraction system was studied.The optimal conditions for the extraction and separation of cobalt, nickel, manganese, and lithium were determined through equilibrium extraction.The results show that the β-diketone/phosphate extraction system can effectively separate cobalt, nickel, manganese, and lithium from the positive leaching solution of spent lithium-ion batteries by controlling the kinetics.Under optimized conditions, the extraction rate of cobalt, nickel, and manganese can reach 99%,and the yield of lithium can reach more than 95%.The method realizes the separation and recovery of cobalt, nickel, manganese and lithium by a single extraction system, which can provide a new process route for the recovery of waste ternary lithium batteries.
Synergistic Leaching of Zinc and Germanium From Germanium-rich Zinc Concentrate
FENG Zhichao;PANG Peiyan;JIANG Xuexian;HE Guixiang;ZHOU Jierong;LI Zhonglin;LI Yibing;The leaching of zinc and germanium from germanium-rich zinc concentrate by oxygen pressure leaching process was studied. The effects of key factors such as the initial acidity of sulfuric acid， reaction temperature， leaching time， oxygen partial pressure， sodium lignosulfonate addition amount， liquid volume to solid mass ratio， and stirring speed on the leaching rates of zinc and germanium were systematically investigated. The optimal process conditions for oxygen pressure leaching are determined through single-factor experiments as follows: The leaching temperature is 160 ℃，the leaching time is 150 min， the initial acidity of sulfuric acid is 160 g/L， the partial pressure of oxygen is 1.2 MPa， the addition amount of sodium lignosulfonate is 1 g， the liquid volume to solid mass ratio is 8/1，and the stirring speed is 600 r/min. Under the conditions， the germanium leaching rate reaches 94.86% and the zinc leaching rate reaches 99.98%. Compared with the traditional atmospheric pressure leaching， the optimized oxygen pressure process can increase the germanium leaching rate by more than 15%， shorten the leaching time by 40%， and also avoid the emission of high-concentration H2S gas， reducing environmental pollution and providing a technical reference for the comprehensive utilization of valuable elements in zinc concentrate.
Step-up Separation of Indium and Associated Elements from Zinc Oxide Dust Using Choline-Oxalic Acid Chloride
ZHANG Liangjin;LIU Yongzhi;YU Qiyuan;LONG Yue;ZHANG Yuzhu;In order to efficiently enrich indium (In) in zinc oxide dust and realize the directional separation and recovery of associated elements， Zn， Fe， Pb and In were leached from the dust by choline chloride-oxalate dihydrate low eutectic solvent， and the “hydrolytic zinc dezincification—ultraviolet light reduction iron removal” process was used to remove impurities step by step. The results show that the leaching rates of Zn， In， Pb and Fe can reach 95.52%， 88.91%， 80.82% and 89.13%， respectively， under the optimal leaching conditions of liquid volume to solid mass ratio of 12 mL/1 g， temperature of 70 ℃ and time of 6 h. Zn/Pb is removed by hydrolytic precipitation， and then Fe is removed by ultraviolet reduction precipitation. After the step-by-step precipitation and impurity removal treatment， the mass fraction of indium in the solution has increased from 0.03% to 1.5%， successfully achieving efficient enrichment of indium and directional separation and recovery of associated elements such as Zn， Pb， and Fe.
Pretreatment， Leaching Process and Mechanism of a Certain Quartzite in Gansu Province
BAI Yilin;REN Liuyi;CHEN Bo;YANG Siyuan;SHEN Qiang;ZHANG Lianmeng;BAO Shenxu;For the raw material of quartzite-type quartz ore in Gansu Province， the pretreatment process of "magnetic separation—flotation—roasting and water quenching" was adopted， and then the purification process was carried out by atmospheric pressure acid leaching. The effects of leaching agent type， leaching temperature， liquid volume to solid mass ratio and leaching time on the impurity removal rate of quartz sand were investigated. The results show that in the mixed acid system of 2 mol/L HF+2 mol/L HCl+2 mol/L HNO3，under the conditions of leaching temperature of 80 ℃，liquid volume to solid mass ratio of 3 mL/1 g， and leaching time of 7 h， the purity of SiO2 in the product can be increased from 99.80% of the raw ore to 99.98% and the total impurity removal rate can reach 90%.The results of leaching kinetics analysis indicate that the leaching processes of Al and Fe are controlled by internal diffusion， with apparent activation energies of 7.2 and 21.1 kJ/mol， respectively. This method can provide a certain reference for the preparation of high-purity quartz from quartzite-type quartz ore.
Construction of a Dynamic Mining and Intelligent Management System for Closed-loop In-situ Leaching of Uranium
NIU Siyuan;LIU Longcheng;ZHANG Zhe'an;PENG Zhiting;BAI Yunlong;To overcome the challenges of in-situ leaching uranium mining，such as limitations in real-time data analysis，lack of intelligent decision support，insufficient dynamic optimization capabilities，complexities in formulating real-time production strategies，and difficulties in full-lifecycle iterative optimization，a dynamic mining and intelligent management system for closed-loop in-situ leaching of uranium is proposed. The system’s fundamental concepts，key enabling technologies，structural components，and operational framework are presented in detail. Based on the reactive transport model，the system focuses on dynamic data monitoring，data assimilation，and dynamic multi-objective production optimization， aiming to enhance the intelligent level and optimization management capabilities of in-situ leaching uranium mining. The construction and application of this system are expected to accelerate the digital and intelligent transformation of in-situ leaching uranium mining and provide a robust theoretical foundation support for the full life cycle development and management of uranium resources.
Adsorption of Se(Ⅳ) with Feldspar，Illite and Kaolin
ZHANG Hui;WANG Ju;ZHOU Zhichao;LING Hui;In the geological disposal of high-level radioactive waste，the mineral composition of surrounding rock and buffer materials is complex. Therefore，research is conducted from the perspective of rock composition to simplify research process of nuclide migration in geological media. The adsorption behavior of common minerals such as feldspar， illite and kaolinite on Se(Ⅳ) in granite， clay rock and bentonite was studied through batch experiments. The results show that under different conditions such as contact time， solution pH， ionic strength， initial mass concentration of Se(Ⅳ)， solid mass to liquid volume ratio and temperature， the variation laws of the adsorption rates of Se(Ⅳ) by the three minerals are consistent， while the adsorption capacity of illite for Se(Ⅳ) is slightly higher than that of the other two minerals. The adsorption processes of Se(Ⅳ) by the three minerals all follow the pseudo-second-order kinetic model， which conforms to the Freundlich isotherm model， and the adsorption process is a spontaneous endothermic reaction. It is found through SEM， XRD and FT-IR characterization that there were no obvious changes in the three minerals before and after the adsorption of Se(Ⅳ).
Review on Proress Technolgies of Laterite-nickel Ore
LI Jian-hua~1,CHENG Wei~1,XIAO Zhi-hai~2 (1.Beijing Research Institute of Chemical Engineering and Metallurgy, CNNC, Beijing101149,China; 2.School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering,Nanhua University,Hengyang,Hu'an421001,China)Present status of laterite-nickel resources are introduced. The main technics and related studies are described.The main fractors of working on acidic leaching under pressure are analyzed. It is believed that acidic leaching under pressure process is mostly application prospective.
Investigation and Industrial Practice on Extraction of V_2O5 from Stone Coal Containing Vanadium by Acid Process
LU Zhaoling(Beijing Research Institute of Chemical Engineering and Metallurgy,CNNC,Beijing101149,China)Extraction of V2O5 from stone coal containing Vanadium from Westnorth China is investigated. The results show that Vanadium of about 80% can be leached with sulfuric acid under the condations that temperature is 85℃, mass ratio of liquid and solid is 1∶1, ore size is -60 mesh. Then puritic solution containing V2O5 can be acquired after being extracted with P204 and TBP dissolved in sulfonated kerosene and stripped with sulfuric acid. Refine V2O5 (purity is 98%) can acquired by precipitating with ammonium water and pyrolysis.
New Development of Hydrometallurgy
MA Rong-jun(Changsha Research Institute of Mining and Metallurgy,Changsha,Hu'nan 410012,China)The new developments of hydrometallurgical technology are systematically summarized.The new technologies and new processes about leaching(pressurized leaching,active leaching,bacterial leaching,in-situ leaching),solvent extraction,ion exchange,electrolysis and membrane separation are expounded,respectively.The recent development status for preparating powder materials by wet method are especially introduced.The new direction for research and application of hydrometallurgy is also presented.
[Downloads: 2,899 ] [Citations: 131 ] [Reads: 4 ] HTML PDF Cite this article
Situation and Prospect on Treating of Arsenic-containing Solid Waste
LIU Shu-gen,TIAN Xue-da(Dep.of Environmental Engineering,Xiangtan University,Xiangtan,Hu'nan 411105,China)The origin of arsenical solid wastes and methods used to analyze their stability are(introduced),main methods or technique of treating these wastes are listed and analyzed in detail,then prospect on controlling arsenic pollution is showed.
Research Progress on Application and Preparation of Nano-zinc Oxide
ZHANG Lisheng;LI Hui;ZHANG Hanxin;LIANG Jinglong;The basic characteristics,application status and preparation methods of nano-zinc oxide are briefly described.The principle,research status,advantages and disadvantages and development trend of the these preparation methods,such as gas phase deposition,precipitation,sol-gel and solid phase methods,are introduced.It is pointed out that several of these methods are used in combination,the nano-zinc oxide prepared has better properties.
Research Progress and Application of Non-equilibrium Thermodynamics
ZHANG Shi-xian LI Yun-gang HE Xiao-feng (College of Metallurgy and Energy,Hebei Polytechnic University,Tangshan,Hebei 063009,China)In nature,many processes are non-equilibrium.It's not enough to find a solution to research these processes only relying to classical thermodynamics.In the paper,importent theory of non- equilibrium thermodynamics is introduced briefly.Its application in kinds of domain is summarized. Non-equilibrium thermodynamics will be used in more and more field along with it's development.
New Development of Hydrometallurgy
MA Rong-jun(Changsha Research Institute of Mining and Metallurgy,Changsha,Hu'nan 410012,China)The new developments of hydrometallurgical technology are systematically summarized.The new technologies and new processes about leaching(pressurized leaching,active leaching,bacterial leaching,in-situ leaching),solvent extraction,ion exchange,electrolysis and membrane separation are expounded,respectively.The recent development status for preparating powder materials by wet method are especially introduced.The new direction for research and application of hydrometallurgy is also presented.
[Downloads: 2,899 ] [Citations: 131 ] [Reads: 4 ] HTML PDF Cite this article
Advances in Covalent Organic Frameworks
YU Jiehao;LIU Zhirong;Covalent organic frameworks(COFs) materials are crystalline porous polymers formed by a bottom-up approach from molecular building units.The covalent bonds offer positional control over their predesigned building blocks in two-and three-dimensions.The control makes the synthesis have rigid porous structures with the ability to fine-tune the chemical and physical properties.The COFs can be applied in gas storage and separations,sensing,electrochemical energy storage,optoelectronic,catalysis and radioactive element adsorption.The paper summarizes the structure of covalent organic frameworks materials,and discusses the materials crystallinity prepared by different synthetic methods and film formation conditions.The future development of COFs materials is prospected.
Preparation and Application of Nanocrystalline Zinc Sulfide
LI Yun-feng,LAN Yao-zhong (Department of Materials Science and Engineering,Yunnan University,Kunming,Yunnan 650091,China)The preparation methods and principles of nanocrystalline zinc sulfide are introduced.Application status of nanocrystalline zinc sulfide in various fields are expounded in detail.This paper points out that the urgent solving problem in this field is to find the method or process which can produce uniform size,well shape,low-priced nanocrystalline zinc sulfide powder,and to find the doping method which can improve its electro-optic property.